Harihara Temple

Harihara Temple is located on the Hemkuta hill in Hampi and dates back to the Vijayanagara Empire. Presently lying in the Indian state of Karnataka, this ancient temple is an important cultural heritage. The Harihara temple is a small, east - facing edifice, consisting of only a sanctum and a pillared - hall. Though there is no enclosure wall around this structure, the approach to it is marked by a small gateway. The latter highlights the importance of this otherwise rather insignificant monument. Though it is difficult to date the temple accurately, on stylistic grounds it may be assigned to a fairly early phase of Vijayanagara temple building, perhaps the fifteenth century. At present a 'linga' is enshrined in the sanctum, but whether or not this is the original cult object is not known. Since Harihara is worshiped both in the iconic and other forms, it is possible that this is the original 'murti'. This temple had not been noticed in any of the earlier writings on Vijayanagara city. However, the local people consider it as a Harihara shrine. Harihara, or Sankaranarayana, is a composite deity, half Lord Shiva and half Lord Vishnu. Undoubtedly, the worship of this god arose out of the strong desire for rapprochement between the partisans of the two major and often antagonistic sects of Shaivism and Vaishnavism, by emphasizing that Shiva is Vishnu and Vishnu is, conversely, Shiva and that they are together essential for the creation, preservation and destruction of the universe. Hence, in the representations of Harihara, the right half from head to toe is endowed with the aspects and attributes of Shiva and the left half with those of Vishnu. The great centre of this deity in Karnataka was the Hariharesvara temple at Harihara, in Chitradurga district, on the bank of the Tungabhadra River. That this was already an important religious centre of this cult by the mid - twelfth century AD is revealed by inscriptions. It continued to be important during the Vijayanagara period. Harihara was a popular divinity during Vijayanagara times. Two kings of the Sangama dynasty and a few princes were named after this god. The popularity of Harihara worship during this period was due to the attempt made by the rulers to defuse the animosity between the votaries of Shiva and Vishnu. Naturally, therefore, one would expect to find a number of shrines and sculptures of this god in Vijayanagara, but surprisingly, there is only one temple that can be definitively identified as that of Harihara at Hampi. Also, there are only two sculpted representations of this god in the entire site: one a rock - carving and the second a pillar - relief. The entrance gateway of Harihara temple is a simple eight - pillar structure. Its pillars are monolithic, the four central ones cut into three cubical blocks, separated by two octagonal sections. The ones at the end are monolithic blocks, square in section. There are no reliefs on the pillars. The exterior of the temple is quite unremarkable. The basement comprises three courses, which are unadorned, except for a carved image of Lord Ganesha, flanked by two female attendants, on the east - side. No superstructure is extant over the 'vimana', and the eaves over the 'mandapa', now only partially extant, are of the inclined type. In the interior, the monument comprises a 'mandapa', open on the east and enclosed on the north and south sides. Within the 'mandapa' are six detached pillars and eight engaged ones. The two centre pillars in the eastern end comprise three cubical blocks separated by two mid - sections that are sixteen - eight - sixteen sided. On the cubical blocks there are pillar - reliefs. There are a few reliefs on some of the other pillars as well, but the rest of the columns are plain monolithic blocks, square in section. The interior of the sanctum is also plain. Its ceiling is raised to form two rotated squares with a lotus medallion in the centre. The architecture and the sculptural details of this temple deserve appraisal because of the subtle touch of artistry on stones. Of greater significance is the presence of the 'vahanas' and attendant animals of the two deities on the walls of the 'mandapa'. On the south wall, near the entrance, is carved Lord Hanuman in heroic pose and seated Nandi. Opposite these, on the north wall is Garuda and a large coiled snake.